| Airport Cabin-Baggage Screening | Rapid identification of prohibited items and material categories inside carry-on baggage. | Clothing, electronics, food, liquids, tools, batteries and personal items. | Two X-ray spectra estimate effective atomic number and separate organic, inorganic and metallic materials. | Low- and high-energy transmission X-ray channels; exact tube voltage and filtration depend on tunnel geometry and regulations. | Organic-rich materials, dense metals, liquid containers, shielded objects and unusual density patterns. | High dynamic range, stable calibration, fine spatial resolution and low image lag. | Continuous conveyor operation, commonly several thousand bags per hour depending on lane and screening workflow. | Material-colour image, density map, threat classification alerts and operator review tools. | ★★★★★
Excellent material discrimination at high throughput. | Very dense or heavily overlapped items may require additional views or computed tomography. | SecurityHigh throughput |
| Checkpoint Tray and Small-Parcel Inspection | Screen small personal items and parcels for concealed threats or prohibited materials. | Small bags, trays, courier parcels, electronics and mixed consumer goods. | Comparative attenuation at two energy levels improves separation of low-Z and high-Z materials. | Compact dual-energy transmission setup, usually optimized for thin to moderate object thickness. | Blades, dense components, liquid containers, powders and concealed organic items. | High contrast sensitivity with compact pixel pitch and rapid image refresh. | High-speed belt or tray movement with operator-assisted inspection. | Colour-coded material image, enhanced edge display and automated region-of-interest marking. | ★★★★☆
Strong performance for compact, mixed-content objects. | Limited penetration compared with systems designed for thick cargo or industrial parts. | SecurityCompact systems |
| Air-Cargo and Parcel Screening | Inspect larger packages and cargo units for contraband, weapons and suspicious material combinations. | Boxes, pallets, freight containers and densely packed parcels. | Dual-energy attenuation ratios support material classification while maintaining penetration through varied cargo. | Higher-output X-ray source with separate low- and high-energy image channels; system geometry is selected for cargo size. | Dense inclusions, organic substances, metallic assemblies and density anomalies. | Large-area detector, high saturation tolerance and reliable performance over a broad thickness range. | Medium to high throughput, typically dependent on cargo handling and image-resolution settings. | Material-separation image, density enhancement, archive record and alarm workflow. | ★★★★☆
Good balance between penetration and material discrimination. | Higher radiation shielding, infrastructure cost and operating controls are required. | SecurityCargo |
| Vehicle and Container Inspection | Locate concealed cargo, weapons, narcotics, undocumented goods and structural modifications. | Cars, trucks, shipping containers and mixed-density loads. | Energy-dependent attenuation helps distinguish organic cargo, metal structures and voids within thick objects. | High-energy transmission or backscatter architecture with dual-energy processing; source energy is selected for penetration depth. | Compartment anomalies, dense shielding, hidden packages, organic loads and structural voids. | Large detector coverage, radiation-hard electronics and geometric stability over long scan paths. | Low to medium throughput, depending on drive-through or stationary scanning mode. | Two-energy composite image, material map, density profile and scan archive. | ★★★★☆
Effective for large-volume screening where penetration is critical. | Lower spatial resolution and more complex safety management than cabin-baggage systems. | Border securityLarge objects |
| Food and Pharmaceutical Product Inspection | Detect foreign bodies and product defects without opening sealed packaging. | Packaged food, bottles, blister packs, pouches and pharmaceutical cartons. | Differences in energy attenuation improve visibility of contaminants with different density or composition from the product. | Low- to medium-energy dual-energy transmission optimized for product thickness and packaging material. | Glass, stone, bone, metal, dense plastic, missing product and abnormal fill levels. | Hygienic conveyor integration, stable calibration, high sensitivity and washdown-compatible construction where required. | Continuous production-line operation, often synchronized with filling, sealing and reject equipment. | Composite X-ray image, contaminant alarm, reject signal and quality-control record. | ★★★★☆
Useful when contaminant and product absorption are difficult to separate. | Very low-density contaminants or defects with minimal attenuation contrast may remain difficult to detect. | IndustrialQuality control |
| Recycling and Waste Sorting | Separate materials and identify unwanted or hazardous items in mixed waste streams. | Plastic flakes, e-waste, construction waste, mixed household waste and scrap. | Energy-dependent absorption provides material-class information that can complement shape and colour analysis. | Dual-energy line-scan or area-scan configuration selected for belt width, material thickness and conveyor speed. | Dense inclusions, metal contamination, material classes, voids and unexpected objects. | Fast line-scan detector, vibration tolerance, contamination-resistant enclosure and automated classification interface. | High-speed conveyor operation with real-time sorting or downstream reject control. | Material-class image, object coordinates, sorting command and process statistics. | ★★★★☆
Strong for automated classification in heterogeneous streams. | Overlapping objects and highly variable moisture content can reduce classification accuracy. | IndustrialAutomated sorting |
| Welding and Casting Inspection | Reveal internal discontinuities and assess variations in dense metal components. | Welds, castings, machined housings, pipes and pressure-containing components. | Two-energy attenuation can extend dynamic range and assist discrimination between thickness changes and inclusions. | Medium- to high-energy X-ray or isotope-based configuration, selected according to material thickness and geometry. | Porosity, inclusions, lack of fusion, cracks, wall-thickness variation and voids. | High contrast-to-noise ratio, calibrated detector response and appropriate spatial resolution for defect size. | Low to medium throughput; inspection is often batch-based or integrated with manufacturing stations. | Radiographic image, dual-energy composite, defect measurement and inspection report. | ★★★☆☆
Helpful for difficult thickness ranges but not a substitute for every NDT method. | Very small cracks and defects aligned with the beam may require computed tomography or other NDT techniques. | IndustrialNDT |
| Battery Cell and Module Inspection | Identify assembly defects, foreign material and abnormal internal density in energy-storage products. | Cylindrical, prismatic and pouch battery cells; modules and packs. | Dual-energy response helps distinguish electrodes, current collectors, casing materials and foreign inclusions. | Low- to medium-energy microfocus or transmission configuration, selected for cell format and required resolution. | Misalignment, voids, wrinkles, foreign particles, weld defects and abnormal material distribution. | High resolution, low noise, precise motion control and repeatable geometric calibration. | Medium to high throughput in automated production, depending on cell size and exposure time. | Layer-sensitive image, material contrast map, dimensional measurement and pass/fail result. | ★★★★☆
Well suited to complex layered assemblies with multiple absorbing materials. | Thick modules can require longer exposure, multiple views or computed tomography. | IndustrialBattery manufacturing |
| Electronics and Semiconductor Assembly | Inspect hidden solder joints, components, bond wires and internal package structures. | Printed circuit boards, semiconductor packages, connectors and electronic modules. | Energy separation improves visibility across combinations of solder, copper, silicon, polymers and laminates. | Low-energy microfocus imaging with dual-energy processing for assemblies containing high-Z metals and low-Z substrates. | Voids, bridging, missing components, solder distribution, wire-bond defects and delamination. | Very small focal spot, high magnification, fine pixel pitch and precise inspection software. | Low to medium throughput for laboratory or production-line sampling and automated inspection. | Magnified radiograph, material-enhanced image, defect coordinates and statistical process data. | ★★★★☆
Effective where material overlap limits conventional radiographic contrast. | Extremely small defects may still require higher-resolution imaging or three-dimensional methods. | IndustrialElectronics |
| Pipeline, Composite and Infrastructure Inspection | Evaluate internal condition, wall thickness and hidden anomalies in assembled structures. | Steel pipes, composite panels, insulated assemblies, valves and infrastructure components. | Dual-energy attenuation supports separation of metal, insulation, corrosion products and lower-density inclusions. | Portable or fixed medium-energy transmission arrangement; configuration depends on access, thickness and safety constraints. | Corrosion, deposits, voids, inclusions, delamination, incomplete fill and wall-thickness change. | Stable detector response, field ruggedness, dose monitoring and image stitching for extended structures. | Low throughput, generally inspection-by-location rather than continuous production. | Radiographic image, material overlay, thickness estimate and maintenance record. | ★★★☆☆
Useful for material separation in challenging assemblies and field environments. | Access, geometry, scattering and radiation-safety requirements can limit deployment speed. | IndustrialField inspection |
