| Particulate Matter Monitor | PM1, PM2.5, PM10, total suspended particles | Optical particle counting or light-scattering photometry | Approximately 0–1,000 µg/m³ for many ambient applications | Urban air-quality stations, industrial boundaries, construction sites, schools, offices and homes | Particle size calibration, humidity interference, inlet design, flow stability and data averaging time | ISO 4224; United States EPA Federal Equivalent Method requirements may apply to regulatory instruments |
| High-Volume Particulate Sampler | PM10, PM2.5, total suspended particles and filter-collected chemical constituents | Controlled-volume air sampling through a size-selective inlet and filter | Common flow rates include approximately 16.7 L/min for PM2.5 samplers and approximately 1.13 m³/min for some high-volume systems | Regulatory monitoring, gravimetric analysis, metals, ions, elemental carbon and laboratory studies | Filter conditioning, sampling duration, flow-rate accuracy, inlet cut-point and laboratory weighing procedures | U.S. EPA 40 CFR Part 50; EN 12341 for PM10 and PM2.5 reference measurement methods |
| Ozone Analyzer | Ground-level ozone, O3 | Ultraviolet absorption near 254 nm | Common ambient ranges include 0–0.5 ppm; instrument ranges vary by application | Photochemical smog monitoring, urban networks, industrial and research sites | UV lamp stability, zero-air quality, humidity effects, photometric accuracy and periodic calibration | U.S. EPA Reference Method for Ozone; ISO 13964 |
| Nitrogen Oxides Analyzer | Nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and total nitrogen oxides: NO, NO2 and NOx | Chemiluminescence, often with a converter for NO2 measurement | Common ambient ranges include 0–0.5 ppm | Traffic corridors, urban background stations, combustion sources and industrial monitoring | Converter efficiency, ozone supply, interference control, span-gas accuracy and sample-line conditioning | ISO 7996; U.S. EPA reference and equivalent method requirements for NO2 |
| Sulfur Dioxide Analyzer | Sulfur dioxide, SO2 | Ultraviolet fluorescence | Common ambient ranges include 0–0.5 ppm | Industrial areas, fuel-combustion sources, ports and regional air-quality networks | Hydrocarbon interference, converter condition, zero drift, calibration-gas traceability and sample humidity | ISO 10498; U.S. EPA reference and equivalent method requirements for SO2 |
| Carbon Monoxide Analyzer | Carbon monoxide, CO | Non-dispersive infrared absorption | Common ambient ranges include 0–50 ppm | Roadside monitoring, garages, tunnels, combustion areas and indoor environments | Water vapor and carbon dioxide interference, optical-path cleanliness, zero stability and response time | ISO 4224; local occupational and indoor-air regulations may specify different limits |
| Volatile Organic Compound Monitor | Non-methane hydrocarbons, total VOCs and selected compounds such as benzene | Photoionization detection, flame-ionization detection or gas chromatography | From parts per billion to parts per million, depending on the compound and method | Industrial fence lines, solvent-use areas, remediation sites, laboratories and indoor-air investigations | Compound-specific response factors, humidity effects, selectivity, sampling-line adsorption and calibration standards | ISO 16000 series; U.S. EPA TO-15 and TO-17 for selected ambient VOC methods |
| Ammonia and Reactive Gas Monitor | Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride and other reactive gases | Electrochemical sensing, tunable diode laser absorption or chemical conversion methods | Often from low parts-per-billion levels to tens or hundreds of parts per million | Agriculture, wastewater treatment, chemical production and emergency-response monitoring | Cross-sensitivity, sensor poisoning, temperature compensation, humidity and short-term peak detection | Method selection should follow the target compound, applicable occupational limits and local regulations |
| Meteorological Sensor Package | Wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity, pressure and precipitation | Ultrasonic, cup-and-vane, capacitive, thermistor, barometric and tipping-bucket technologies | Typical variables include wind speed from 0–60 m/s, relative humidity from 0–100% and temperature from approximately −40 to 60 °C | Air-quality stations, dispersion modeling, industrial sites, airports and environmental research | Exposure height, siting clearance, sensor alignment, icing, turbulence and calibration interval | WMO guidance; ISO 1996-2 may be relevant when meteorological data support environmental noise studies |
| Indoor Air Quality Monitor | PM2.5, CO2, temperature, relative humidity and sometimes VOCs or CO | Combination of optical, nondispersive infrared, electrochemical and capacitive sensors | CO2 commonly measured from 0–5,000 ppm; PM2.5 ranges vary by sensor design | Homes, offices, schools, hospitals, hotels and commercial buildings | Ventilation interpretation, sensor placement, occupancy effects, calibration drift and alarm thresholds | ASHRAE Standard 62.1 and 62.2 address ventilation; CO2 is generally used as a ventilation indicator rather than a complete IAQ metric |
| Remote Sensing System | Large-area distributions of particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and aerosol properties | Lidar, differential optical absorption spectroscopy, satellite retrievals or open-path spectroscopy | Range depends on atmospheric conditions, path length, optical configuration and retrieval algorithm | Regional air-quality assessment, industrial corridors, wildfire smoke and atmospheric research | Line-of-sight limitations, weather dependence, retrieval uncertainty, spatial representativeness and validation against reference stations | Data should be validated against applicable ground-based reference or equivalent methods |